“This court has held that modern family cost rules are designed to foster three fundamental purposes: (1) to partially indemnify successful litigants; (2) to encourage settlement, and; (3) to discourage and sanction inappropriate behaviour by litigants: Serra v. Serra, 2009 ONCA 395 (CanLII), 66 R.F.L. (6th) 40, at para. 8; Fong v. Chan (1999), 1999 CanLII 2052 (ON CA), 46 O.R. (3d) 330 (C.A.), at para. 22. Rule 2(2) adds a fourth fundamental purpose: to ensure that cases are dealt with justly: Family Law Rules, r. 2(2); E.H. v. O.K., 2018 ONCJ 578 (CanLII), at para. 8; Sambasivam v. Pulendrarajah, 2012 ONCJ 711 (CanLII), at para. 37. And Rule 24(12), which sets out factors relevant to setting the amount of costs, specifically emphasizes “reasonableness and proportionality” in any costs award.
The Family Law Rules are a marked departure from some aspects of the Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 194. As such, case law pertaining to costs decided under the Rules of Civil Procedure should be approached with some caution: Frick v. Frick, 2016 ONCA 799 (CanLII), 132 O.R. (3d) 321, at para. 11; E.H. v. O.K., at para. 34.
Rule 24(1) creates a presumption of costs in favour of the successful party of a motion, case, or appeal: Berta v. Berta, 2015 ONCA 918 (CanLII), 128 O.R. (3d) 730, at para. 94. And the presumption that a successful party is entitled to costs applies equally to custody and access cases: Britt v. Britt, [2000] O.J. No. 5981 (S.C.), at para. 9.
Consideration of success is the starting point in determining costs: Sims-Howarth v. Bilcliffe (2000), 2000 CanLII 22584 (ON SC), 6 R.F.L. (5th) 430 (Ont. Sup. Ct.), at para. 1. This presumption does not, however, require that the successful party always be entitled to costs: M.(C.A.) v. M.(D.), at para. 40. An award of costs is subject to: the factors listed in r. 24(12), r. 24(4) pertaining to unreasonable conduct of a successful party, r. 24(8) pertaining to bad faith, r. 18(14) pertaining to offers to settle, and the reasonableness of the costs sought by the successful party: Berta v. Berta, at para. 94.
Rule 24(12) sets out a list of factors the court shall consider in determining an appropriate amount of costs:
(a) the reasonableness and proportionality of each of the following factors as it relates to the importance and complexity of the issues:
(i) each party’s behaviour,
(ii) the time spent by each party,
(iii) any written offers to settle, including offers that do not meet the requirements of rule 18,
(iv) any legal fees, including the number of lawyers and their rates,
(v) any expert witness fees, including the number of experts and their rates,
(vi) any other expenses properly paid or payable; and
(b) any other relevant matter.
The Family Law Rules only expressly contemplate full recovery costs in specific circumstances, e.g. where a party has behaved unreasonably, in bad faith or has beat an offer to settle under r. 18(14).
Rule 24(4) addresses the situation in which a successful party has behaved unreasonably:
Despite subrule (1), a successful party who has behaved unreasonably during a case may be deprived of all or part of the party’s own costs or ordered to pay all or part of the unsuccessful party’s costs.
Rule 24(5) provides guidance on how to evaluate reasonableness:
In deciding whether a party has behaved reasonably or unreasonably, the court shall examine,
(a) the party’s behaviour in relation to the issues from the time they arose, including whether the party made an offer to settle;
(b) the reasonableness of any offer the party made; and
(c) any offer the party withdrew or failed to accept.
Rule 24(8) discusses the cost consequences for a party who has acted in bad faith:
If a party has acted in bad faith, the court shall decide costs on a full recovery basis and shall order the party to pay them immediately.”