“As observed by Minnema J. in Rebiere v. Rebiere, 2015 ONSC 1324 (CanLII), 59 R.F.L. (7th) 414 at para. 14, “[i]t is not always necessary to call expert evidence to prove values for minor assets”; a court can even “ballpark” the value of household contents in the absence of evidence of value: Alaouf v. Sumar, 2017 ONSC 3043 (CanLII), [2017] W.D.F.L. 3566 at para. 73. But to arbitrarily pick a value in circumstances where there is no evidence even minimally identifying the contents, their cost, their date of purchase, or their condition on the valuation date, or at some later point in time, is to simply engage in guesswork. I am not prepared to guess. No value shall be attributed to the wife for the household contents which she retained or of which she disposed.”
January 13, 2020 – Shareholder Loans & Contingent Rights
“Contingent rights are included in the definition of property for the purposes of determining net family property and shareholder loans are a common contingent asset. The Ontario family law legislation does not place a direct limit on this type of property, unlike in Manitoba, where section 9(1) of the Family Property Act, C.C.S.M. c. F25, provides that in regard to rights that are present, future, or contingent, “… the Act does not apply where there is in fact ascertained, as at the closing and valuation date, that there is no reasonable possibility of the rights ever being realized.” Justice Stefanson interpreting this more restrictive legislation in regards to shareholder loans stated that:
The mere fact that corporate liabilities exceed assets by an amount greater than a shareholder’s loan does not, by itself, result in the exclusion of shareholder’s loans from the Marital Property Act accountings. (Curtis v. Curtis (1999), 1999 CanLII 14189 (MB QB), 137 Man.R. (2d) 302 (Man. Q.B.) at para 14.)
Justice Karakatsanis made a similar interpretation of the Ontario property definition in Fantin v. Gillingham-Corkun Fantin (2003), 37 RFL (5th) 327, 2003 CanLII 2114 (ON SC), 2003 CanLII 2114 (ONSC), at para 41:
The definition of ‘property’ contained in section 4(1) of the Family Law Act is extremely broad and covers future and contingent interests. This is a right to future payments that is not too remote and does not require the future personal effort of the individual.
Justice Mesbur considered a shareholder loan in dispute in Bursey v. Base (2007), 156 A.C.W.S. (3d) 405 (ONSC). The husband took the position that it should not be included in his income because on the valuation date the business was not able to repay the amount and had no likelihood of being able to in the future. Justice Mesbur found stated at para 55:
The corporate assets around valuation day were just sufficient to repay the bank liability. There was no additional ability to repay the shareholder’s loan. For that reason, I would value the shareholder’s advance at “nil”, since there was no reasonable likelihood the debt would be repaid.
The case law suggests that, while a shareholder loan contingent on a company being able to pay in the future is technically property, if there is no likelihood of recovering the loan in the future, it should not be included. This would be in situations where there is no reasonable likelihood of recovery or where the chance of recovery is too remote or would require personal effort of the party. Conversely, if it does seem likely the loan could be repaid in the future then it should be included as it is a form of contingent equity pursuant to section 4(1) of the Family Law Act.”
January 10, 2020 – Self-Sufficiency
“Self-sufficiency, with its connotation of economic independence, is a relative concept. It is not achieved simply because a former spouse can meet basic expenses on a particular amount of income; rather, self-sufficiency relates to the ability to support a reasonable standard of living. It is to be assessed in relation to the economic partnership the parties enjoyed and could sustain during cohabitation, and that they can reasonably anticipate after separation. See Linton v. Linton (1990), 1990 CanLII 2597 (ON CA), 1 O.R. (3d) 1, [1990] O.J. No. 2267 (C.A.), at pp. 27-28 O.R. Thus, a determination of self-sufficiency requires consideration of the parties’ present and potential incomes, their standard of living during marriage, the efficacy of any suggested steps to increase a party’s means, the parties’ likely post-separation circumstances (including the impact of equalization [See Note 13 below] of their property), the duration of their cohabitation and any other relevant factors.
Self-sufficiency is often more attainable in short-term marriages, particularly ones without children, where the lower- income spouse has not become entrenched in a particular lifestyle, or compromised career aspirations. In such circumstances, the lower-income spouse is expected either to have the tools to become financially independent or to adjust his or her standard of living.
In contrast, in most long-term marriages, particularly in traditional long-term ones, the parties’ merger of economic lifestyles creates a joint standard of living that the lower- income spouse cannot hope to replicate, but upon which he or she has become dependent. In such circumstances, the spousal support analysis typically will not give priority to self- sufficiency because it is an objective that simply cannot be attained. See Linton at p. 27 O.R.”
Janaury 9, 2020 – Adding Grandparents As Parties
“The leading case on adding parties is Children’s Aid Society of London and Middlesex v. H.(S.), 2002 CanLII 46218 (ON SC). In that case, Justice Grant Campbell stated, at paragraph 22:
[22] Since the court’s discretion remains the same under the current rule, I am satisfied that the principles used to add grandparents under the former rules continue to apply. In summary, then, I find that I must consider the following principles before adding a party to a child protection hearing:
| (i) | whether the addition of the party is in the best interests of the child, | |
| (ii) | whether the addition of the party will delay or prolong proceedings unduly, | |
| (iii) | whether the addition of the party is necessary to determine the issues, and | |
| (iv) | whether the additional party is capable of putting forward a plan that is in the best interests of the child. |
In addition to these four factors, Justice Campbell stated, at paragraph 24:
[24] Consequently, in addition to the foregoing list of principles, I must also consider whether the person seeking to be added as a party has a legal interest in the proceedings.
At paragraph 25, Justice Campbell went on to state:
[25] “Legal interest” is defined in Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed., (St. Paul, Minn.: West Group, 1999) as “[a]n interest recognized by law, such as legal title.” In child protection proceedings, an interest recognized by law occurs when a court has the opportunity to make an order for or against a person in relation to the child. For example, subsection 57(1) of the Child and Family Services Act enumerates the types of orders that a court must make where a child is found to be in need of protection. Each of the possible orders creates a legal interest in so far as the placement of the child is concerned. Paragraph 1 of subsection 57(1) creates a legal interest for “a parent or other person”, paragraph 2 of subsection 57(1) creates a legal interest for the “society” and paragraph 3 of subsection 57(1) creates a legal interest for “the Crown”. The parent or other person, the society and the Crown all have a legal interest in the proceedings because an order for the placement of the child can be made for or against them.
In A.M. v. Valoris Pour Enfants et Adultes de Prescott-Russell, 2017 ONCA 601 (CanLII), the Court of Appeal stated, at paragraph 24:
[24] It is not necessary for all factors [in H.(S.), supra] to favour the person seeking party status for the court to add him or her.
Accordingly, what this court takes from all of the foregoing is that these are the five considerations the court must examine in deciding, on balance, whether it would be appropriate to add the paternal grandparents as parties.”
Children’s Aid Society of Toronto v. M.S., 2018 ONCJ 14 (CanLII) at 28-32
January 8, 2020 – Divisional Court & The Fifty Thousand Dollar Rule
“This appeal is transferred to the Divisional Court, without prejudice, on the basis that we do not have jurisdiction to hear it.
The order being appealed provides for child support for the son, Mehrtash Samadzadeh, at $250 per month, terminates child support for the daughter, Mahsa Samadzadeh, and dismisses the mother’s claim for retroactive support. The order was made in response to the father’s variation motion and the mother’s cross-motion to vary support for both children. The mother seeks support of $434 per month for her son as well as retroactive support in respect of both children totalling $16,566. Prior to the motion, the father was paying support for both children in the amount of $310.28 per month.
Section 19(1.2)(b) of the Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43 provides that if the appeal relates to a final order “for periodic payments that amount to not more than $50,000, exclusive of costs in the 12 months commencing on the date the first payment is due under the order”, the appeal is to be heard in the Divisional Court. In relation to the order for Mehrtash, the amount in issue is clearly within the jurisdiction of the Divisional Court. Section 19(1.2)(c) provides that if the appeal relates to a final order “dismissing a claim for an amount that is not more than” $50,000 (or periodic payments totalling $50,000 in the 12 months commencing on the date the first payment is due), exclusive of costs, the appeal lies to the Divisional Court. The termination of support for Mahsa amounted to a dismissal of the mother’s cross-motion for increased support of less than $50,000 and the total amount for both children is significantly less than periodic payments totalling $50,000 per year.
In respect of the claim for retroactive support, pursuant to s. 19(1.2)(a), the jurisdiction of the Divisional Court extends to a final order “for a single payment of not more than $50,000, exclusive of costs” and the amount in issue here is, again, significantly below that amount.
January 7, 2020 – Joint Custody
“As a matter of law and common sense, joint custody requires a high degree of cooperation between the parents: Johnson v. Cleroux, 2002 CanLII 44929 (ON CA), [2002] O.J. No. 1801 (C.A.). The issue before the trial judge in a custody case is the best interests of the child. Where one parent professes an inability to communicate with the other parent, that assertion alone does not mean that a joint custody order cannot be considered. Rather, the court must consider whether there is some evidence that, despite their differences, the parents are able to communicate effectively with one another: Kaplanis v. Kaplanis, 2005 CanLII 1625 (ON CA), [2005] O.J. No. 275 (C.A.); Ladisa v. Ladisa, 2005 CanLII 1627 (ON CA), [2005] O.J. No. 276 (C.A.); Giri v. Wentges, 2009 ONCA 606 (CanLII), [2009] O.J. No. 5173 (C.A.), leave to appeal refused [2009] S.C.C.A. No. 438.
Joint custody is not appropriate where parents are unable to cooperate and communicate effectively and are unlikely to be able to achieve a sufficient level of cooperation: Lawson v. Lawson, 2006 CanLII 26573 (ON CA), [2006] O.J. No. 3179 (C.A.); Kappler v. Beaudoin, 2000 CanLII 22579 (ON SC), [2000] O.J. No. 1558 (S.C.J.). However, one parent cannot create problems with the other parent and then claim custody on the basis of a lack of cooperation: Lawson.
There is no default position in favour of joint custody in Ontario. Each case is fact based and discretion driven. Past parenting experience, both during cohabitation and after separation, is of critical importance to the court’s decision whether to order shared parenting in any form: Patterson v. Patterson, 2006 CanLII 53701 (ON SC), [2006] O.J. No. 5454 (S.C.J.).
Joint custody under a parallel parenting regime may be suitable where both parents love the child and should play an active role in the child’s life, yet have difficulty communicating or reaching a consensus on the child’s upbringing. In a parallel parenting regime, the court typically allocates decision-making on major matters so that in the case of conflict, one parent will have final say: Ursic v. Ursic, 2006 CanLII 18349 (ON CA), [2006] O.J. No. 2178 (C.A.).”
January 6, 2020 – Retroactively Reducing or Eliminating Arrears
“Most of the case law on this subject has arisen in the context of applications to increase child support retroactively. The general principles and underlying rationale apply, however, to cases where the paying spouse seeks to retroactively reduce child support payable to reduce or eliminate arrears that have accrued or to obtain reimbursement of an overpayment.
In deciding whether to rescind child support arrears, the court will consider, inter alia, the following factors:
a) The nature of the obligation to provide support, whether contractual, statutory or judicial;
b) The ongoing financial capacity of the payor spouse;
c) The ongoing need of the custodial parent and the dependent child;
d) Unreasonable and unexplained delay on the part of the parent seeking to enforce payment of the obligation;
e) Unreasonable and unexplained delay on the part of the payor spouse to seek appropriate relief from his or her obligation;
f) Where payment of the arrears will cause undue hardship, the exercise of the court’s discretion to grant a measure of relief is based on a holistic view which weighs the needs of the child and custodial parent, and the current and future capacity of the parent who must pay the arrears.
(See DiFranscesco v. Couto, 2001 CanLII 8613 (ON CA), [2001] O.J. No. 4307 (ON C.A.) at para 23.)”
December 20, 2019 – Money From Parents As Income
“Where parental gifts have supported a lifestyle well in excess of a basic standard of living, before and after separation, they will be included as income.”
December 19, 2019 – Best Wishes for this Holiday Season
Dear Subscriber,
As 2019 comes to a merciful close, the team here at the Siegel Family Court Calendar wishes you the very best this holiday season. Regardless of your political affiliation, gender, sexual orientation, faith, eye colour, height, weight or favourite font, we hope you enjoy some well-earned downtime over the break and come back ready to collaborate, negotiate or litigate, whatever suits your fancy, in the new year.
Our final quote will appear tomorrow and resume on January 6th. We hope you’ve enjoyed them this year as much as we’ve enjoyed finding and bringing them to you.
Love, Brahm
December 18, 2019 – Double Recovery, a.k.a Double Dipping
“Mr. Hanniman submits that it is unfair to allow double recovery by way of continued spousal support payments to Ms. Hanniman, drawn on his share of his pension income, when she has already received her half of that pension.
In Boston, the Supreme Court of Canada defined double recovery as follows:
The term “double recovery” is used to describe the situation where a pension, once equalized as property, is also treated as income from which the pension-holding spouse (here the husband) must make spousal support payments. Expressed another way, upon marriage dissolution the payee spouse (here the wife) receives assets and an equalization payment that take into account the capital value of the husband’s future pension income. If she later shares in the pension income as spousal support when the pension is in play after the husband has retired, the wife can be said to be recovering twice from the pension: first at the time of the equalization of assets and again as support from the pension income (at para. 34).
As a general rule, double recovery should be avoided where possible. As the Court stated in Boston, it is generally unfair to allow the payee spouse to reap the benefit of the pension both as an asset and as a source of income. To avoid double recovery, the court should, where practicable, focus on that portion of the payor’s income and assets that have not been part of the equalization or division of matrimonial assets when the payee’s continuing need for support is shown (paras. 63-64).
However, the Supreme Court of Canada also acknowledged that double recovery cannot always be avoided and may be permitted in limited circumstances:
Despite these general rules, double recovery cannot always be avoided. In certain circumstances, a pension which has previously been equalized can also be viewed as a maintenance asset. Double recovery may be permitted where the payor spouse has the ability to pay, where the payee spouse has made a reasonable effort to use the equalized assets in an income-producing way and, despite this, an economic hardship from the marriage or its breakdown persists. Double recovery may also be permitted in spousal support orders/agreements based mainly on need as opposed to compensation … (Boston, at para. 65).”